Abortion Essays (1133 words) - Abortion, Fertility,

Abortion May, 1990, Bill C-43 was passed into legislation, this was the bill stating that abortion should be treated like any other medical procedure. Regrettably, by 1991 this bill was passed into law. What had been considered an illegal act, could now be purchased for a small fee. The murder of unborn children would now be accepted by the Canadian government. Abortion goes against religious doctrine, it causes severe psychological effects in women who follow through with the procedure, and should be considered murder. The theologians of the catholic religion have shown that aborting fetus' goes against the will of God. According to the bible an unborn child is considered holy and sacred. Before I formed thee in the womb, I knew thee; and before I camest fourth out of the womb, I sanctified thee (Jer. 1:5). In Gods eyes a fetus living inside a woman is a human being. Ending the life of another human being goes against religious beliefs. The bible states that judgment will be bestowed upon those who do not protect the lives of others. Those who claim ignorance will still be held accountable for their actions. Rescue those who are unjustly sentenced to death; don't stand back and let them die. Don't try to disclaim responsibly by saying you didn't know about it. For God, who knows all hearts, knows yours, and He knows you knew! And He will reward everyone according to his deeds (Proverbs 24:11-12). God creates babies in the womb fully alive and filled with emotions. For behold, when the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the baby leaped in my womb for joy (Luke. 1: 43-44). The church stands by it s beliefs against abortion. The most recent development of church position on abortion has been to condemn abortion on the grounds that what begins as human life [and not necessarily a full human being] is morally entitled to the 'right to life' (Terkel 99). Once an abortion has taken place a life has ended, this could be why so many women suffer from the after effects of an abortion. Women can suffer from what has been diagnosed from what is called Post Abortion Syndrome (also know as PAS). Post Abortion Syndrome may cause women to have symptoms such as feelings of guilt, depression and anger: I went through, and still go through, severe mental problems - visualizing the procedure in my mind, hating my self, grieving and wanting to escape from the whole situation. The abortion precipitated years of drug and alcohol abuse, and eating disorder and eventually a serious clinical depression. That supposedly safe procedure has had fourteen years of serious repercussions. (Terkel, 55). This type of depression can surface immediately after terminating the pregnancy or even years later. Women can still struggle with these symptoms throughout their lives. One woman accounts an abortion as the worst decision of her life: I thought that by having an abortion my problems would be solved as, at least, I would be able to get a job not showing that I was pregnant. Little did I know how wrong I was. I grieved and am still grieving ever since. I have suffered major depression and have contemplated suicide various times. I wish I never had a abortion. I have constant nightmares about a baby crying. This was worst choice of my life and a very bad decision indeed (Ursala's story). In fact, women who do proceed with an abortion had nearly a five hundred percent greater suicide risk in the twelve months after, compared to women who carried to term. (stats - birth and abortion). Although abortion has been legalized, the burden of guilt will still remain with women who have terminated their pregnancies because they know the existence of a life has been extinguished at their will. The Canadian Criminal Code prohibits any person from killing another human being, when such an act occurs a punishment will be dispensed to that individual. It has been scientifically proven that even an embryo at just fourteen days individually exist from fertilization. The embryo is specifically human, and begins to organize itself at once, to interpret and execute the instructions in the DNA code it carries. It is complete, unique, human

Great literature essay writing tips

Great literature essay writing tips Literature essay When writing a literature review (sometimes called literature essay), you need to present a review of a particular academic source. It is one of the common assignments given to students at college. Sometimes, it can be produced in the form of an annotated bibliography. However, in the majority of cases, it is presented in the introductory paragraph. Moreover, it may be a part of a thesis or research report. The purpose of writing a literature paper is to examine the given topic thoroughly and provide readers with detailed research results. In order to prepare a superior essay, you should take a few steps. First, you should clearly define the aim of writing. Second, present the issue you are going to examine. However, it should not be a numbered list of items providing brief description of a particular academic source. Note that writing essays about literature is very useful. This assignment will help you gain considerable knowledge in a certain academic field. In addition, it is a great opportunity to develop your skills. Therefore, when preparing this work, you will learn how to conduct a research. You will know which methods to use to gather useful material on the discussed subject. Besides, when producing this paper, you will learn to perform an objective analysis of the issue. The key peculiarities of a literature essay paper are the following:It should provide material closely related to the thesis statement; The obtained results should be summarized informing readers about what have been found out and what still should be researched; It should identify controversial questions and present the points that have to be explored.If you want to be sure that you will not miss any points, which should be covered in the paper, answer the following questions:What issue can my work help examine? What is the aim of writing my paper? Am I going to develop a particular concept or idea? Should I do extensive research to consider the subject from different angles? What sources do I use (books, journal entries, websites, etc.)? What subject am I writing my essay on literature (Political science, Philosophy, etc.)? Have I gathered enough information about the discussed subject? Are the collected data reliable? Does my paper contains useful information only or there are unnecessary minor details? Have I used enough sources to cover the topic completely? Have I analyze the gathered facts painstakingly? Have I compared the issues appropriately? Have I discussed the listed points thoroughly? Is the opposing opinion on the matter under consideration presented in my work? Is my paper explicit? Will readers consider it worthy?It is obvious that students use different sources when they write papers such as a drama essay, for example. If you want to be sure that you use proper books, articles, etc., respond to the following questions:Does the author address the issue directly? Is the problem accurately identified? Is its importance illustrated properly? Could the author have adopted more effective methods for tackling the issue? What field the author specializes in? What is the authors theoretical background (political, philosophical, sociological, etc.)? What is the connection between research and theoretical principles? Has the author critically analyzed the sources used for exploring the issue? Does the author present the opposing opinion on the addressed matter?When doing research, you need to determine whether its basic elements are closely related to each other. Check for validity of the calculations made. Make sure that the provided data are analyzed appropriately. As to the conclusion, it has to be based on the presented arguments. When using particular books, you need to make sure that it is worth using them to write your poetry essay or poetry analysis essay. Thus, consider the following questions:Does the author provide impressive examples or put rhetorical questions? Are there enough facts about the explored subject? Is there a specific order of presenting arguments? Do they make the flow of information steady? How does a book or article help solve the considered problem? Is it worth considering when analyzing the issue? In what way is the chosen book related to my thesis?Final Stage You should know that a literature essay is not a numbered list of briefly describes sources. It should provide valuable information about a particular work. Note that it should not start with the name of the scholar. In order to produce a great paper, you should divide your paper into a few units. Each of them should cover a specific point. Do not forget that your analysis should be based on hard data. Remember that there is no need to indicate all the sources which are available to study the issue. You need to analyze those publications that contain useful material on the matter you are going to discuss. If you need to write an annotated bibliography, you should provide a brief description of each entry used for producing your literature review. Nevertheless, you still need to make thorough analysis and choose those sources that contain only relevant information about the explored subject. Do not forget that the issue you are going to examine should be presented in the introductory paragraph. Meanwhile, a conclusion should summarize conducted research. In order to compare the subjects properly, you may categorize them into groups.

Aggument for early childhood education socio-emotional support Essay

Aggument for early childhood education socio-emotional support - Essay Example Each preschool has its own ideas about how to provide care for young children, and its own approach to what resources to provide, what rules should be in place, what curriculum is best, how to measure success and, especially, what it means to support children’s development. That area is in preschool support of social and emotional development. It is critical that the preschool child develop social and emotional development skills, and one of the best ways to do so is in imaginative play. Therefore, this paper argues that preschool teachers must learn how to support young children’s socio-emotional development in imaginative play. There are some basic socio-emotional skills that need to be mastered prior to entering kindergarten. If these skills are not acquired, the child experiences difficulty with school lessons and school experience in more advanced grades. These skills are said to include: Identify and Understand Own Feelings Empathize (understand other peopleâ€⠄¢s feelings) Self- Regulate (control own feelings, moods and behaviors) Cooperate (get along with peers and teachers for group activities) Establish and Sustain Relationships Pay Attention and Follow Directions (Boyd, 2005) These skills build on each other and even activate maturation of the brain (Ginsburg, 2007). For example, self-regulation requires proper pre-frontal cortex development. At the same time, development and maturation of the pre-frontal cortex is improved through practicing self-regulation. ... argument I want to make, in this paper: that if preschool teachers do not support children in practicing socio-emotional skills, the child’s brain is likely going to be warped in a way that can be permanent, a case of bad teaching causing brain damage. This damage to the developing child’s capacity may go unnoticed at first, but becomes increasingly serious as time goes on. In fact, research indicates that children who fail to develop normal socio-emotional skills are at much higher risk for continued classroom misbehavior, peer rejection, low self-esteem, juvenile delinquency, and eventually a downward spiral into crime (Wenner, 2009). This costs the child a loss of their potential, and it costs society a lot of money and fear and loss. This tragedy is widespread. Kindergarten teachers’ ratings indicate that 20-30% of kindergarten children lack social-emotional skills (Boyd, 2005). The biggest tragedy is that it is easily preventable! One of the most important w ays that a child can develop the necessary socio-emotional skills is through imaginative play (Barbour, 2007; Ginsburg, 2007). Imaginative play allows the child to develop both cognitive and socio-emotional skills. The child can practice skills, in safety, that have been slightly introduced earlier. For example, the child may have observed adults shaking hands in greeting, demonstrating politeness. The child may be intrigued by this social ritual but feel too shy to try it, in case of embarrassment. Imaginative play allows the child to create a situation within a personal comfort zone, in which that skill can be practiced. In terms of self-regulation, as another example, the child may have experienced a recent situation that aroused feels of intense anger at a sibling. The child understands that it is not

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorism has become one of the most misused terms since 9/11. There is a need to differentiate between a terrorist and a freedom fighter. Many politicians and scholars combine these two types of militants, depending on their personal positions or views. Freedom fighters use violence and sometimes public panic, but they do not target civilians. Terrorists can sometimes use freedom fighter tactics, but generally prefer to resort to violence, public panic, and civilian targets. For example, is Osama bin Laden a terrorist? Yes, but not all of his acts of violence can be classified as terrorism. Even all the violence on 9\11 cannot be defined as terrorism. The Twin Towers were a terrorist attack. Bin Laden utilized all of three elements of terrorism given in the text; violence, public panic, and the targeting of civilians when the Twin Towers fell. The Pentagon and White House planes were targeted for government and military installations. This ruled out the targeting of civilians, even though they knew civilians would be killed. Civilians have always been causalities of wars, whether on purpose or not. The attack on the USS Cole was not terrorism. It was an attack on the US government and military. War acts are also not classified as terrorism. The difference is civilians are not solely targeted. Civilians will die in conflicts, but there is a difference in a bomb accidentally falling short, killing civilians and targeting a civilian neighbourhood. There is also a difference between bombing a munitions factor that a dictator houses civilians in. The intent is what matters. Terrorists intend to cause the maximum civilian deaths to cause panic. Now that difference between terrorism and freedom fighters have been established, the statement that â€Å"terrorism is never justified† holds true. Terrorism is mass murder. Murder in a civilized society is wrong. Not only is terrorism never justified, it does

Community Writing Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Community Writing Part 3 - Essay Example Security forces relate and interact with the community in one-on-one basis just like it should be the case under normal circumstances. However, through this interaction, the community is mobilized and actively involved in addressing crime concerns in the society. While this is a positive move for the entire society, security enforcers and the community included, complexities and problems emerge in relation to the effectiveness of this process. This paper is based on the argument that amid complexities and problems of community policing in fighting crime, community policing fundamentally addresses the interests of the entire society involved. In other words arguments for community involvement in fighting crime are presented, taking into account that the process is highly characterized by complexities and problems that are in most cases ignored. To enable the success of this process, stakeholders in community policing have to establish functional relations and interactions. One of the most fundamental points to capture is that the community contributes to the enhancement of its safety and security. The collaboration of the community with the security forces in the community makes this practice an outstanding phenomenon to employ in fighting crime. However, emerging issues in this line cannot be ignored. The key aspects that have to be captured in the evaluation and analysis of this topic are: motivating factors in the involvement of the community in fighting crime, the design and structure of community policing practices, influencing variables that enhance community-police collaboration, the functionality basis of community policing in addressing crime concerns, the flow of information from one party to another, the applicable laws in the legal system, the extent of success in integrating community in fighting crime, and the complexities and problems encountered in the process. These are some of the many aspects that revolve around community policing

Economics Essays Financial System Banking

Economics Essays Financial System Banking Capital Adequacy Directive Abstract In the recent years, it seems that the supervisors have increased the attention on the capital adequacy of banking intuitions in order to enhance and maintain the stability of financial system. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate into the merits as well as disadvantages of the Capital Adequacy Directive implementation in the Switzerland economy for the behaviors of Swiss banks and shed some light on whether and how Swiss bank react to constraints placed by the regulator on their capital. The analysis and evidences given will clarify the finding is that while the Swiss banks enjoy the typical merits that have been brought by this innovation, some drawbacks they might endure could not be neglected, which implies the need for good policy guidelines of Government and Central Bank. Chapter 1 Introduction We do realize there are better moments to introduce substantial increases in capital requirements. Nout Wellink (April, 2008), head of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision During the last 30 years, a wide range of countries have introduced the formalized capital requirement. This innovation seemed to be spearheaded by the adoption of minimum capital requirement in some particular states (for instance, the US and the UK in 1981). However, with the first introduction of Basel Accord in 1998, the common minimum capital requirements were actually adopted by G-10. To date, the Accord has been implemented by over 100 countries world-wide (Allen, 2004). The implementation process of Capital Adequacy Directive (CAD) on the one hand produced many successes in practice as it helps to limit risk-taking relative to capital and to prevent systemic instabilities arising from large-scale banking failures, thereby enhancing the productivity, efficiency, safety and soundness of domestic banking system, in general, global financial system. On the other hand, it also has generated several important failures and unintended consequences as it might reduce the lending ability of commercial banks which in turn directly influences to their competitiveness relative to other forms of intermediation. This study attempts to measure the cost and benefits of Capital Adequacy Directive and apply it to the population of commercial banks that operated in Switzerland. The result suggests that even though some negative impacts of CAD is obviously seen, the implementation of CAD in Swiss banking system is essentially and truly needed. As the matter of fact, the advantages that Swiss commercial banks have achieved due to the effectiveness of capital adequacy regulation outweigh the disadvantages they might suffer. The paper is divided into 4 sections. Chapter 2 introduces the historical review and general theory of Capital Adequacy Directive. Chapter 3 provides firstly the analysis on the both benefits and costs of CAD, followed by the statistic evidences from Swiss commercial banks’ behaviors. Finally, the summary of the main findings of this study and conclusion will be mentioned in the last section. Chapter 2 Capital Adequacy Directive: Historical Review and General Theory 2.1 Historical review The Capital Adequacy Directive was firstly and officially introduced as the core part of the 1998 Accord, referred to as Basel Accord (International Convergence of Capital Measurements and Capital Standards) issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (henceforward Basel Committee) in July 1998 (Hall, 2004). This accord is not formal treaty nor a binding legal rule, however due to the practical effects conveyed with it, the guidelines of this accord have been implemented not only by signatory countries at the beginning but also by over 100 countries world-wide (Lastra, 2004). Nevertheless, the 1988 Accord has been criticized for its crude assessment of risk and for creating opportunities for regulatory arbitrage (Blum and Hellwig, 1996). Therefore, at the end of June 2004, the â€Å"New Capital Accord† (henceforth call Basel II) was finally issued after the endorsement conducted by G10 banks supervisor in order to replace the original accord (now termed â€Å"Basel I† agreed in 1988) and solve the problems occurred as the result of Basel I implementation in banking system. 2.2 General Theory of Capital Adequacy Directive The genesis of Capital Adequacy Directive as well as the capital regulation could be traced back to the concern that bank might hold less capital than is socially optimal â€Å"relative to its riskiness as negative externalities resulting from bank default are not reflected in market capital requirements† (Rime, 2001). In the 1988 Accord, the Basel Committee provided a ratio of capital to risk-weighted assets. In this Basel formula, Capital is divided into Tier 1 (equity capital plus disclosed reserves minus goodwill) and Tier 2 (revaluation reserves, undisclosed reserve, general loan loss reserves, and subordinated term debt). Specifically, Tier 1 capital must to constitute at least 50% of the total capital base. In addition, the denominator of this Basel formula is the sum of risk-adjusted assets plus off-balance sheet items adjusted to risk. (Lastra, 2004) According to (BIS, 2008) the 1998 Accord in essence prescribed that banks hold capital of at least 8 % of their risk-weighted assets. Although there is no strong argument for the â€Å"target† ratio 8%, it still was considered to be â€Å"sufficient† due to the empirical application from previous policy applied in some states such as the US/UK bilateral agreement of 1986 regarding capital adequacy (Rime, 2005). Eight percent were the median in exiting good practice at that time: the US as well as the UK around 7.5 %, Switzerland 10%, France and Japan 3 % (Lastra, 2004). In fact, data from a wide range of banks from the Fitch IBCA database and national supervisors as well as the Basle Committee denote increasing trend with the average capital ratio rising from 9.3% in 1988 to 11.2% in 1996. â€Å"Most countries experienced increases in their capital ratios although those countries, which were close to, or below, the Basle minimum capital adequacy ratio of 8% in 1988 evidenced a much higher overall increase than those, which had historically high capital ratios†. (Jackson, 1999) Recently, in the new approach, often referred to as Basel II, specifically in the First Pillar ─ Minimum Capital Requirements, the overall level of regulatory capital currently held by banks is not set to rise or to be lower. The capital ratio is calculated using the definition of regulatory capital and risk-weighted assets and the total capital ratio must be no lower than 8%. In addition, the tier 2 capital is limited to 100% of Tier 1 capital (BIS, 2004). However, it is set to be more risk sensitive (Blum and Bichsel, 2004). Chapter 3 Costs and Benefits of Capital Adequacy Requirements: The Analysis for Switzerland 3.1 Understanding the Swiss banking system: To date, the Swiss banking system is typically depicted as one of the leading universal banking system around the world since this type â€Å"universal banking† was firstly allowed at the Banking Law of 1930 (Stiroh and Rime, 2003). In reality, like the most continental European countries, Swiss bank legislation does not distinguish between the commercial and investment banks. In principle, Swiss banks are able to offer a wide range of financial services such as: lending and deposit-taking, underwriting, brokerage, trading and portfolio management (Swiss Bankers Association, 2006). Furthermore, the Swiss banks might vary in the way they use their options to engage in all types of financial activities as the â€Å"truly universal banks co-exist with the institution specializing either in traditional banking or financial market activities†. According to Swiss Bankers Association (2006) the Swiss National Bank (SNB) classifies the banks in Switzerland into ten major categories: big banks, cantonal banks, regional and savings banks, Raiffeisenkassen banks, commercial banks, consumer loan banks, stock exchange banks, other banks, foreign, and private bank. These bank categories differ with regard to their size, business focus, geographic scope of activities and legal form. Within the banking sector, the big banks maintain a dominant position in every respect. As the matter of fact, the Swiss economy is characterised by a comparatively large banking sector by international standards, and by the dominance of two banks, Credit Suisse and UBS. At the end of 2006, the banking sector’s total assets exceeded CHF 4,500 billion or nearly ten times the size of Swiss GDP. This is by far the biggest ratio among the G10 countries, followed by Belgium and the Netherlands where total bank assets are five times the size of GDP. Measured in absolute terms, the US has the largest banking sector. However, total assets of all banks are less than US GDP (Swiss National Bank, 2007) 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Capital Adequacy Directive towards Swiss banks’ behaviour In this paper’s context, instead of taking assessing advantages as well as disadvantages of CAD for all the participants of financial market, I would like to take the point of view to this issue from the one particular party of market – the banks. Merits Almost all financial experts hold the opinion that though capital generally accounts for a small percentage of the financial resources of banking institution; it plays a crucial and important role in their long-term financing and solvency position, which directly influence to their public credibility and reputation. The inverse relationship between the capital adequacy requirement and bank risk taking has been found in the research of Avery and Berger in 1991. In order to meet the 8% target ratio of Basel formula, banks have not been encouraged and limited to take the high risky activities, which always promises the high payoffs, thereby reducing the likelihood of failures. In addition, it is undeniable that the implementation of Capital Adequacy Directive leads to the more powerful ability of banks at the event of financial crisis as the more reasonable the capital ratio is set up, the higher the probability that a bank will not fail to pay back its debts. This fact tends to justify the existence of capital adequacy regulation in order to avoid bankruptcies and negative externalities on the financial system. In other words, it could be said that Capital Adequacy Directive is needed to maintain and enhance the financial stability of banks, generally, for economics. In the case of Swiss banking system, Switzerland welcomes that the Capital Adequacy Directive has been adopted as an important means to preserve the financial soundness of the Bank and its triple A rating. According to Swiss Banker Association (2008) the Swiss banks are well capitalized by international standards and as an additional safety measure, Swiss law demands capital adequacy standards even higher than those required by the Basel Accord. Swiss banks can therefore certainly be counted amongst the safest in the world. The following table will display the marked-rise in risk-weighted in all bank categories in Switzerland at the year-end of 2006 As been shown from the graph, in 2006, the risk-weighted capital ratios rose in all bank types as it increased from the 13.1 % to 13.9 % in terms of the entire banking sector (exceeded the G-10 countries’ average by more than 2.5% point at the same time). This increase was particularly pronounced at the big banks (from 11.5% in 2005 to 12.4% in 2006). Specifically, let take UBS – one of two largest banks in Switzerland as a typical example for the benefits of Capital Adequacy Directive in order to maintain the financial stability. The capital that UBS is required to hold based on Swiss Federal Banking Commission (SFBC) regulations, which differ in some certain respects from the calculation under the Basel Capital Accord (BIS guidelines). As a result of the differences in regulatory rules, UBS’s risk-weighted assets are higher, and its ratios of total capital and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets, are lower, when calculated under the SFBC regulations than under BIS guidelines. However, UBS has always had total capital and Tier 1 capital well in excess of the minimum requirements of both the BIS and the SFBC. Capital adequacy The success of USB in doing business as well as maintaining financial stability has been measured and confirmed by the largest and most famous credit rating agency such as Fitch Ratings, Standard Poor’s and Moody’s. In February 2006, the rating agency Standard Poor’s affirmed UBS’s AA+ long-term and A-1 + short-term ratings and commented: â€Å"The key strengths of USB business profile are the strong cash flow, high returns, and the sound capital base.† In which, the last one has been brought by the presence of successful implementation of Capital Adequacy Directive. Not surprisingly, to date, the capital base of the Swiss banking sector appears to be sound as all banks reported excess capital at the end of 2006 ( Swiss National Bank, 2007) To sum up, the Capital Adequacy Directive framework is truly needed for Swiss banks in order to avoid bankruptcies and negative externalities on the financial system, enhancing and maintaining the financial stability. Disadvantages Despite what has been shown, nothing could be further from the truth that capital adequacy might affect the banking system’s ability to extend credit. Under the circumstance that the regulatory are set too high, that might leads to the risk-adjusted market return on bank loans will be insufficient so as to cover this artificially high cost of capital, therefore decreasing bank-lending activities. This so-called credit-crunch, which will directly impact not only to the financial stability of banking system but also the aggregate level of economics activities (Allen, 2004). Furthermore, there are various concern have been raised over whether the presence of capital requirement directive undermine the long-run competitiveness of banks. Jackson at the year-end 1999, and Blanco and Barrios in their research at 2003 have shown that these concerns could be separated into two types: (i) Whether banks have been disadvantaged compared with securities markets or securities firms (ii) Whether the overall profitability of banks has been affected and their competitiveness has been harmed According to Jackson (1999), there is a controversial issue that whether banks, due to the capital adequacy regulation have found it difficult to compete against the securities markets as provider of funds. Many countries have witnessed â€Å"a shift from provision of funding to prime corporates by banks to provision of funding by commercial paper markets or securities markets more generally† but it is difficult to assess how much of this shift was driven by the capital requirements of the banks and how much by innovation and greater sophistication of the borrowers. Furthermore, there is no strong theory as well as empirical evidence to conclude from the profound changes in banks’ long-term share of various markets that they have been driven by the influences of capital requirements on banks’ competitiveness. In the case of Swiss banking system, by using the empirical methods and model to evaluate the relationship between the capital adequacy regulation and the share prices of banks as well as using the data come from 4 big banks, 25 cantonal banks and 125 regional banks in existence from 1989 to 1995 which represents 82% of Swiss banking system, Rime (2001) has shown that there is no evidence about capital adequacy requirement implementation reduce the Swiss banks’ share price. Moreover, Wagster revealed the same result at 1996 when he did the research in the situation of Switzerland, Germany, and Netherlands. It is possible that the introduction of minimum regulatory capital requirements may have harmed the competitiveness of the banking industry. If capital standards require a bank to maintain an equity position in excess of what it would hold voluntarily, or in response to market pressure, then these standards constitute an external constraint on a bank’s operations. In theory, any kind of external interference with the activities of a business firm could harm its short-run profitability or growth and possibly undercut its long-run viability (Jackson, 1999). However, it does seem that the exactly answer for this question whether implementation of capital adequacy regulation harms the competitiveness of banks has not been found yet because the long-term competitiveness of banking is driven by a wide range of factors. As been shown in the above part, the implementation of CAD has been conducted successfully in terms of Swiss banking system. That helps banks to enhance the financial stability not only in their own system but also for entire economy. Hence, the Swiss banking system are now depicted as the universal banking system, being classified amongst the safest and highest profit all over the world. Conclusion In this study, we have just investigated into the costs and benefits of Capital Adequacy Directive towards Swiss banks’ behaviors. Our main message is that Capital Adequacy Directive is truly desirable as it provides an extremely efficient financial mechanism for maintaining the financial stability as well as prestige for Swiss banking system. However, despite the typical merits that have been conveyed by Capital Adequacy Directive, some drawbacks it might create such as unexpected credit crunch phenomenon, is obviously seen. This does require the act of Government and Swiss National bank with more caution as the more efficiency CAD present the more benefits that Government and Swiss banks can achieve. Bibliography Allen (2004), The Basel Capital Accords and International Mortgage Markets: A Survey of the Literature. Avery and Berger (1991), Risk-Based Capital and Deposit Insurance Reform, Journal of Banking and Finance BIS (2008) [www.bis.org] [Internet] [Assessed 15 April 15, 2008] Blum (2003), The Impact of Capital Requirements on Banks’ Incentives to Monitor and to Hold Excess Capital, Journal of banking and finance Blum and Hellwig (1996), The macroeconomic implications of capital adequacy requirements for banks, Journal of banking and finance Blum and Bichsel (2004), The relationship between risk and capital in Swiss commercial banks:a panel study, Journal of banking and finance Blanco and Barrios (2003), The effectiveness of bank capital adequacy regulation: A theoretical and empirical approach, Journal of banking and finance G34 International Banking and Finance materials by Prof D.H.Gowland G33 International Banking: Regulation and Supervision materials by Prof D.H.Gowland Hall (2004), Basel II: A panacea or a missed opportunity? , Journal of banking and finance Jackson (1999), Capital requirements and bank behaviors: The impact of Basel Accord, Journal of banking and finance Lastra (2004), Risk-based capital requirements and their impact upon the banking industry: Basel II and CAD III, Journal of banking and finance Quotation database, [Internet] [Assessed 15 April 2008] Rime (2001), Capital requirements and bank behaviors: Empirical evidence for Switzerland, Journal of banking and finance. Rime (2005), Will Basel II Lead to a Specialization of Unsophisticated Banks on High-Risk Borrowers? , Journal of banking and finance Sheldon (2001), Costs and Benefits of Capital Adequacy Requirements: an Empirical Analysis for Switzerland, Journal of banking and finance Stiroh and Rime (2003), The performance of universal banks: Evidence from Switzerland, Journal of banking and finance Swiss National Bank, (2008), [Internet] [Assessed 15 April 2008] Swiss Federal Banking Commission (2005), Basel II Implementation in Switzerland Summary of the explanatory report of the Swiss Federal Banking Commission Swiss Bankers Association (2008), Swiss Bankers Association press release, [Internet] [Assessed 15 April 2008] Wagster (1996), Impact of the 1988 Basle Accord on International Banks, Journal of Finance,

School Vouchers are Against the Constitution :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers Education

School Vouchers are Against the Constitution One of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's recent education reforms is the two-year pilot program where education vouchers will be offered to poor kids from a district in New York City public schools. These students will be given on average $6,500 a year to pay for tuition at a private school (including religious ones). The money they receive will come from taxpayers. When the typical New Yorker dutifully gives Uncle Sam his hard-earned money every year, he is under the impression that his money will be used to fund government programs from which all will benefit. The reason public schools are free of charge is because the costs of running them have been paid through taxes. "Free education for all." Was that not one of the reasons immigrants flooded to America? Giuliani's program channels public money into private funds. He is indirectly endorsing private institutions with public money, and in 80 percent of the cases, these schools have religious affiliations. The last time I read the constitution, it declared a separation of church and state. In this situation, "state" would be the public schools, Giuliani, and tax-dollars. "Church" would be the private religious schools. Giuliani's plan fails to maintain this essential separation. Perhaps the mayor has forgotten that part. I mean, with all the jaywalkers that he has to keep track of, perhaps it would be unreasonable to expect him to institute a constitutional reform program. Legality aside, this Frankenstein remains riddled with flaws. Not all the poor students in New York City public schools are doing badly. That indicates something about the students who fail. I am a progeny of the New York City Public School system. From kindergarten to 12th grade my education has been a publicly funded affair. Ever since elementary school, I have seen many of my classmates flourish in the classroom while others have failed. The students of my elementary school were generally of the same economic and cultural (Italian) background, yet they varied in performance levels. I have found that some of my classmates just displayed no interest in school. Teachers and the system can only do so much. If a student does not care to learn, he or she will not learn no matter how good the education being given to him is. As to why the student is resistant to learning, that is an issue with little correlation to the quality of public schools. School Vouchers are Against the Constitution :: Argumentative Persuasive Papers Education School Vouchers are Against the Constitution One of Mayor Rudolph Giuliani's recent education reforms is the two-year pilot program where education vouchers will be offered to poor kids from a district in New York City public schools. These students will be given on average $6,500 a year to pay for tuition at a private school (including religious ones). The money they receive will come from taxpayers. When the typical New Yorker dutifully gives Uncle Sam his hard-earned money every year, he is under the impression that his money will be used to fund government programs from which all will benefit. The reason public schools are free of charge is because the costs of running them have been paid through taxes. "Free education for all." Was that not one of the reasons immigrants flooded to America? Giuliani's program channels public money into private funds. He is indirectly endorsing private institutions with public money, and in 80 percent of the cases, these schools have religious affiliations. The last time I read the constitution, it declared a separation of church and state. In this situation, "state" would be the public schools, Giuliani, and tax-dollars. "Church" would be the private religious schools. Giuliani's plan fails to maintain this essential separation. Perhaps the mayor has forgotten that part. I mean, with all the jaywalkers that he has to keep track of, perhaps it would be unreasonable to expect him to institute a constitutional reform program. Legality aside, this Frankenstein remains riddled with flaws. Not all the poor students in New York City public schools are doing badly. That indicates something about the students who fail. I am a progeny of the New York City Public School system. From kindergarten to 12th grade my education has been a publicly funded affair. Ever since elementary school, I have seen many of my classmates flourish in the classroom while others have failed. The students of my elementary school were generally of the same economic and cultural (Italian) background, yet they varied in performance levels. I have found that some of my classmates just displayed no interest in school. Teachers and the system can only do so much. If a student does not care to learn, he or she will not learn no matter how good the education being given to him is. As to why the student is resistant to learning, that is an issue with little correlation to the quality of public schools.

Payroll Accounting

Chapter 1 Quiz 1. Which of the following laws has as one of its major provisions the establishment of the minimum wage? a. Fair Employment Laws b. Federal Unemployment Tax Act c. Federal Insurance Contributions Act d. Social Security Law e. Fair Labor Standards Act 2. Which of the following acts covers employee pension and welfare plans? f. Age Discrimination in Employment Act g. Employee Retirement Income Security Act h. Family and Medical Leave Act i. Federal Insurance Contributions Act j. Federal Unemployment Tax Act 3.Which of the following statements is not a provision of ERISA? k. ERISA requires each employer to establish a pension plan l. All of these choices are provisions of ERISA m. ERISA provides that all employees are eligible to set up their own individual retirement accounts n. ERISA establishes minimum vesting schedules that protect the worker’s benefits o. ERISA applies to pension and welfare plans established by any employer engaged in commerce. 4. Which of th e following is not a provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)? . Restricts the employment of child labor q. Forbids discrimination in hiring r. Mandates equal pay for equal work, regardless of sex s. Sets up minimum wage t. All are provision of the FLSA 5. Which of the following bases for discrimination in employment practices is not covered in Title VII of the civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended? u. Color v. National origin w. Age x. Religion y. Sex 6. Medicare is a two=part health insurance program that was part of an amendment to what act? z. Federal Insurance Contributions Act . Federal Unemployment Tax Act |. Federal Income Tax Withholding Law }. Age Discrimination in Employment Act ~. Fair Labor Standards Act 7. Which of the following act deals with the minimum wage paid to laborers for contractors who supply materials to any agency of the United States? . Walsh-Healey Public Contracts . Davis-Bacon . NcNamara-O’Hara Service Contract . None of these choices are correct . Federal Insurance Contributions 8. Which of the following is used to complete each employee’s Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement? Change in payroll rate form . Employee’s individual retirement account . Payroll register . Employee’s earning record . Employee’s paycheck 9. Which of the following items does not always appear on both the payroll register and the employee’s earnings record in the weekly payroll recording? . Net amount of the paycheck . Cumulative earnings . Gross weekly pay . Federal income tax deducted . All of these choices appear on both records 10. The employee’s earnings record is a listing of a firm’s complete payroll for each pay periods. . True . False

A Dream Shattered or Still a Big Potential Essay Essay Example

A Dream Shattered or Still a Big Potential Essay Essay Example A Dream Shattered or Still a Big Potential Essay Essay A Dream Shattered or Still a Big Potential Essay Essay Essay Topic: Catching Fire A DREAM SHATTERED OR STILL A BIG POTENTIAL: A CASE STUDY OF TATA NANO Abstract Keeping the potency of Indian Automobile Industry in head. a few old ages back. around 2006 Ratan Tata conceived the thought of a bantam auto with even a bantam monetary value ticket for quickly turning in-between category section. Tata Nano was seen as a victory of place grown technology ; as doing a merchandise which encapsulates the dreams of 1000000s of Indians with all the elements of mix i. e. safety. technology. design. efficiency. manner at a monetary value ticket of one hundred thousand was in itself a challenge. The intense media examination about the few instances of Nano catching fire brought a singular dent in Nano gross revenues and shattered the customers’ assurance in auto. Since so Nano is fighting difficult to recover its strong image in the eyes of its clients as still the immense potency of in-between section is undiscovered. The treatment arises about the turnaround schemes of Nano maintaining in position its initial launch success. a few quality failures and deformed perceptual experiences in the heads of its clients. This treatment will further add to the design of schemes for future new merchandises which are good strategized for success with clear and defined imaginable about the costs. and market sections but fail due to a few little but important errors. Keywords: Merchandise Development. . USP ( alone merchandising preposition ) . Buzz selling. Communication Complacency. Strategic Repositioning. Resurrection. *This instance survey is developed during the Resurrection stage of Tata Nano in March 2012 for schoolroom treatment as a perfect illustration for analysing assorted facets in the launch of an advanced merchandise. . its market credence. Changing people perceptual experiences etc. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1087 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Introduction Merely a few months back. India overtook Brazil as the 6th largest rider vehicle maker in the universe ( Wikipedia Automobile industry ) . This proves the fact that the Indian Automobile Industry is traveling at a fast gait. India is a turning market for Hatchbacks. Sedans. SUVs MUVs. Crossing overs and MPVs. Among these little autos have emerged as a clear victor. In fact the state has become a taking Centre in bring forthing little autos. Keeping this potency of Indian Automobile Industry in head. a few old ages back. around 2006 Ratan Tata conceived the thought of a bantam auto with even a bantam monetary value ticket for quickly turning in-between category section. Tata Nano achieved instant success when it was introduced as world’s cheapest auto in the twelvemonth 2009. Tata Nano was seen as a victory of place grown technology ; as doing a merchandise which encapsulates the dreams of 1000000s of Indians with all the elements of mix i. e. safety. technology. design. efficiency. manner at a monetary value ticket of one hundred thousand was in itself a challenge. And Tata’s seemed to carry through all the promises to its clients by offering Nano. Majority of Indian population belong to middle category. when it comes to buying autos they look for the low-cost vehicles. Few surveies related to consumer purchasing behaviour show that if an single belonging to middle category wants to have a auto so he can easy blast out `1 lac to `1. 5 hundred thousand. Therefore. while purchasing a auto. monetary value ticket becomes a premier factor. Though pricing is the premier factor. public presentation. manner and lastingness besides affair. So. Nano basically being a dream undertaking for Tatas. satisfied really aptly all the criteria’s of a successful launch. that is. bantam monetary value ticket. public presentation. design. manner. trade name. welcoming clients. milage. infinite. insides. expressions. elegance and so on. But the sarcasm started when the safest acclaimed auto of Tata’s caught in fires while its manner back from salesroom to place. The intense media examination about the few instances of Nano catching fire brought a singular dent in Nano gross revenues and shattered the customers’ assurance in auto. Since so Nano is fighting difficult to recover its strong image in the eyes of its clients as still the immense potency of in-between section is undiscovered. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1088 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano The treatment arises about the turnaround schemes of Nano maintaining in position its initial launch success. a few quality failures and deformed perceptual experiences in the heads of its clients. This treatment will further add to the design of schemes for future new merchandises which are good strategized for success with clear and defined conceival about the costs. and market sections but fail due to a few little but important errors. This treatment can further go on for strategic repositioning and turnaround of merchandises accepted good in their initial phases of ‘PLC’ but matured really shortly due to certain important selling errors. Conceiving of the Idea The thought conceived about Nano was a dare dream of Tatas’ non because of its unbelievably low-cost monetary value but besides because of the promise it held for supplying safe personal mobility to a immense subdivision of the Indian two Wheeler siting population. It was an wholly new merchandise Beginning: Statisticss by Society of Indian Autommobile Manufacturers section with a whole different dimension of its demand to incorporate costs within a predetermined mark of `1 hundred thousand. The Nano monetary value was the lone certainty at the clip thought was conceived. And so get downing from a clean sheet of paper. the auto was designed and developed maintaining fabrication costs. stuff costs and production costs at lowest possible degree along with keeping its character. manner. endearing expressions and finished quality. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1089 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Problems in the Product Development Phase Ride for Tatas in the production of Nano had been anything but smooth. Tata built a Nano works in West Bengal but was forced out in Oct. . 2008 due to violent protest from husbandmans. This event resulted in the impermanent hold in the production along with doing a immense loss of substructure costs of a works about ready for auto production. Another works was built at Sanand in Gujrat where the production eventually started. These initial constrictions in the production someplace affected the enthusiasm about the undertaking and resulted in limited early handiness which caused pre-bookings and lottery bringings. This priced out many purchasers negatively snaping out the impulse from the market. Almost from the start the undertaking was plagued by jobs and were magnified by intense media engagement. Most Anticipated launch When India’s Tata Motors launched Nano in 2009. the construct of the world’s cheapest auto in one of the fast growing vehicles markets seems pre-destined for success. At its launch. auto purchasing kineticss seemed to be undergoing a elusive alteration. Tata traders were flooded with questions from prospective purchasers. Peoples chiefly in-between category were uneasily waiting for it. Bing the world’s cheapest auto. Tata Nano had an border over its rivals in footings of its pricing. which helped Tata to register nice gross revenues figures ab initio. While taking between Maruti Suzuki 800 and Tata Nano. people gave missive more weightage in footings of monetary value and design. Its biggest USP ( alone merchandising preposition ) was its attractive expressions at lowest monetary value. In March 2009. when Tata was launched it got beforehand engagements upto 2. 00. 000 autos but it went through lottery path to give the first 1. 00. 000 nanos to its lucky clients. Nano became the most desired thing for two Wheeler riders and Tata was so confident about its merchandise that it did’nt travel into any selling program for Nano. Its intense ballyhoo was itself making its bombilation marketing1. So. Tata got busy in bring forthing Nanos to carry through its intense demand but at the same clip being really self-satisfied about the market and clients perceptual experiences of the auto. 1. Buzz selling is word of oral cavity recommendations by its bing users National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1090 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Sudden No-No for Nano Among all this ballyhoo when the new emerged in-between section of auto proprietors were basking their drive in their sparkling fashionable Nanos. first instance of Nano catching fire was reported in March. 2010 while its trip from salesroom to customer’s house. Another incident quoted the auto went on fires shortly after the driver reported a flicker from the rear side of the auto. The confidence of Tata’s cheapest auto being safest proved ironical and the media which was giving intense examination to the undertaking did its occupation good during the bad times besides. The security failure of the auto wholly broke the trust of the clients in Nano. A drastic lessening in gross revenues was noticed in November 2010 ( from 9000 units to 509 units per month ) when company called its bing clients to put in the safety devices in the auto. So with in a twelvemonth the inspiration of Tatas started looking like a failure as its gross revenues went about half within a twelvemonth. Gross saless were far off the mark of 25000 autos a month and the Nano works with an one-year capacity of 250000 autos kept bring forthing merely 8000 units a month till March 2011. Table 1: Gross saless Excerpts ( From July 2009 to March 2012 ) Month and twelvemonth Nano units sold July 2009 2475 Dec 2009 4001 March 2010 4710 April 2010 3525 July 2010 9000 Nov 2010 509 Dec 2010 5784 Beginning: assorted web sites of Tata motors Month and twelvemonth Jan 2011 April 2011 July 2011 Dec 2011 Jan 2012 Feb 2012 Mar 2012 Nano units sold 6703 10012 3260 7466 7723 9217 10475 National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1091 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Tata Nano Performance V Automobile Industry Production ( Passenger Vehicles ) Industrial Scanning and analysis showed that the rider vehicles production in the state was turning enormously ( Fig. 3 ) . but Nano gross revenues showed a assorted tendency till the mid of 2011 ( Fig 2 ) . The company took to replace the starting motor motors in the older theoretical accounts and launched a new theoretical account in 2012 but replacing of the parts could besides impact the farther gross revenues of new theoretical account as good said. ‘Indian clients do non forgive easily’ . So. there was a great challenge for Tata to retain its trade name image. Inappropriate Market Positioning: Cheaper V Affordable After the several months of dissatisfactory gross revenues of Nano. it became clear by the terminal of 2011that its cheapest ticket has really shunned its gross revenues. The position witting client didn’t want to acquire associated with its ‘cheap’ ticket and instead opted for somewhat pricier challengers. Cipher wanted to be caught with a ticket of ‘poor man’s auto. So instead being a functional measure above a bike it became known as a bargain-priced auto. Crucially auto has struggled to happen a nucleus market. The overpowering involvement in the auto brought all the assorted sections of the clients in the market. So. a typical scheme was losing to give a right placement and cleavage to the highly typical merchandise. Communication complacence Tatas relied to a great extent on the promotion instead than a decidedly designed communicating scheme. There was immense engagement from media. industry and public at big. Rather than leveraging this promotion Tata became self-satisfied about the communicating. It became the first auto to be launched at zero cost of advertisement with a immense success. The promotion generated was far greater than what could be generated through any conventional run. Tatas supplication was that job was non of the complacence. Because the Nano works had to travel from West Bengal to Gujarat. production timelines were hard to keep. With non adequate autos being made. the company felt it didn’t have to publicize or even put up efficient distribution channels. But the ballyhoo about the auto died down. and the narratives about the fires gained prominence. National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1093 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano On the hindsight. apart from being delayed. the first ads were non the most appropriate. They showcased twosomes ensconced in Nanos. While those on two Wheelers stared at them balefully. It seemed to be merely for people who have to stretch themselves to purchase a auto ; instead it could hold been for homemaker or a child who had merely turned 18. But the advertisement focused at para degree. Tata seemed to sign the media narrative about it being a Garibrath instead than a cool auto. Another ad in the early 2011 besides projected the same image having a miss in a unquestionably countrified puting expecting the household Nano. Initial ads of Tata Nano: Khushion ki Chabi Such errors by Tatas really fuelled the perceptual experience of a hapless man’s auto. The auto is excessively much of an emotional purchase. It’s the 2nd biggest accomplishment after a house and the cheapest ticket proved black for Nano. Resurrection by Tatas Nano is the dream of Tatas and seeing the market flooded with so many little autos Tatas still see a immense potency in Nano and is looking to undo its errors in the yesteryear. As quoted by Ratan Tata on the Eve of Auto exhibition 2012. ‘Nano is non a floating-point operation. We have lost an early chance due to errors in placement and marketing the merchandise. ’ The new selling run by Tata is all set to alter the perceptual experience from a Garib rath to a cool auto as it allows immature to be so capricious with the cool auto that they can drive the several kilometres for a cup of perfect tea! Road to Lal Tippa National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1094 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano Tata is traveling to establish Tata Nano CNG by the terminal of 2012. The company has given the auto a new makeover by extra characteristics like new insides. a powerful gasolene engine. better fuel efficiency and attractive colourss like bubbly gold and papaya orange. Another enterprise is offering Tata Nano felicity warrant which more than doubles the car’s guarantee from 18 months to four old ages take a firm standing on its dependability. Offering fast path funding for purchasers with loan blessings in 48 hours and cut downing down payments to merely `15000 is another step. Tata is be aftering to come in new planetary market such as Thailand. Myanmar. Indonesia and Bangladesh with Nano. The 2012 version of Nano was unveiled by the Tata in the terminal of 2011 and now as the financial twelvemonth ended in March. the new attempts to advance the 2012 Nano in the Indian market have started paying off. After July 2011 till March 2012 Tata Nano has registered an addition in gros s revenues and crossed the 10000 grade at the terminal of the financial twelvemonth 2011-12 ( March 2012. 10475 units. Table1 ) . The lovely Nano is a large good auto in little bundle and its value is being recognized bit by bit by the clients. Hence. with the strong belief in head that the potency of Nano market remains every bit huge as it was originally predicted ; Tata is traveling with some strong stairss in the market as it is besides be aftering to establish a diesel discrepancy of Nano in near future which will turn out a value preposition for its clients. Long manner in front Nano has to travel a long manner in recognizing its dream of 20. 000 plus units per month that would acquire its works in the western province of Gujarat running full accelerator which is soon traveling at the degree of around 10000 units per month. Hailed as a collectors item of invention spawned from and targeted at the emerging upper in-between category ; Nano is working hard to undo its errors in the yesteryear. As little auto section is holding really strong potency. there is a inundation of little auto trade names in the Indian market. It has to confront strong competition from its close challengers such as Bajaj’s RE 60. Maruti Suzuki Cervo ( approx. ` 1. 5 hundred thousand ) . Maruti Alto and somewhat pricier options Hyundai Santro. freshly launched Hyundai Eon etc. Nano faces lifting competition from used auto section National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1095 A Dream Shattered or Still A Large Potential: A Case Study of Tata Nano besides. Apart from the strong rivals. high rising prices and decelerate economic growing besides put another challenges for Tata Nano. Tata is making difficult to raise the merchandise section by intensive dependability technology. advertisement inventions for shifting and strong distribution and service installations to remember the trust of its clients. Let’s see how Nano makes its shapers proud amidst conflicting perceptual experiences of clients. the huge competition and lifting rising prices by keeping expected public presentation at its tiniest ticket! ! ! Questions 1. What do you believe were the grounds due to which Nano was such a welcome launch more than any other auto launch in the industry antecedently? 2. As Cheapest auto being its USP ( Unique selling Preposition ) . how it went against the gross revenues public presentation of Nano later. Give cardinal grounds. 3. â€Å"Intense Media attending about the merchandise went for and against it besides. † Elaborate. 4. How the changed perceptual experiences about the auto impacted its gross revenues? Besides give other cardinal grounds for such a huge fluctuation in its gross revenues public presentation. 5. Despite the assorted Resurrection attempts by Tata what possible do you see of Nano in quickly turning little auto section in coming old ages in the position of lifting competition in the section? Mentions: ‘Auto Expo 2012: Tata Nano is non a floating-point operation. merely an chance wasted: Ratan Tata’ . Economic Times. Jan 6. 2012. ‘No Takers: Is the Tata Nano Runing Out of Gas? ’ . India [ electronic mail protected ]/*. January 27. 2011 Buddiraja S. . ‘ Case Analysis in Marketing Management’ . Tata Mcgraw hills. New Delhi. Dhingra Mayank. ‘Marketing Case Study: Tata Nano - Document Transcript’ . ( Aug 2009 ) . Slideshare. India Today/ Business/Story New Delhi. Jan 6 2012. Kotlar Phillip. ‘Marketing Management: a South Asiatic Perspective’ 13th Edition. Pearson Education. New Delhi. Statisticss by Society of Indian Mobile Manufacturers. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. siamindia. com/scripts/market-share. aspx Economic Times. ’World’s cheapest car’ ticket backfires’ . . 24 Jan. 2012 Web Sources: World Wide Web. tatamotors. com/media/press-releases. php? id=732 World Wide Web. zigwheels. c om/tata-nano/ World Wide Web. lens implant. co. za/business/business-news/home-sales-of-world-s-cheapest-car-backfire-1. 1219524 Assorted web sites of Tata Motors National Conference on Emerging Challenges for Sustainable Business 2012 1096

How to Make Bismuth Crystals From Pepto-Bismol

How to Make Bismuth Crystals From Pepto-Bismol Pepto-Bismol is a common antacid medicine that contains bismuth subsalicylate or pink bismuth, which has the empirical chemical formula  (Bi{C6H4(OH)CO2}3). The chemical is used as an antacid, anti-inflammatory, and bactericide, but in this project, it is used for science! Heres how to extract the bismuth metal from the product. Once you have it, one project you can try is growing your own bismuth crystals. Bismuth Extraction Materials There are a couple of different methods for isolating the bismuth metal. One way is to burn Pepto-Bismol into a metal oxide slag using a blow torch and then separate  the metal from the oxygen. However, theres an easier method that only requires household chemicals. Here are the materials to extract the bismuth, without fire. Pepto-Bismol Tablets: You need a lot. Each pill contains 262 mg bismuth subsalicylate, but only about an eighth of the mass is bismuth.Muriatic Acid - You can find this in a hardware store. Of course, if you have access to a chemistry lab, you can simply use hydrochloric acid.Aluminum FoilCoffee Filter or Filter PaperMortar and Pestle - If you dont have one, find a baggie and a rolling pin or hammer. Get the Bismuth Metal The first step is to crush and grind up the pills to form a powder. This increases the surface area so the next step, a chemical reaction, can proceed more efficiently. Take 150-200 pills and work in batches to grind them up. Aside from a mortar and pestle or bag with rolling pin or hammer, you could opt for a spice mill or coffee grinder. Your choice.Prepare a solution of dilute muriatic acid. Mix one part acid to six parts water. Add the acid to the water to prevent splashing. Note: muriatic acid is the strong acid HCl. It produces irritating fumes and can give you a chemical burn. Its a good plan to wear gloves and protective eyewear when you use it. Use a glass or plastic container, as the acid can attack metals (which is the point, after all.)Dissolve the ground-up tablets in the acid solution. You can stir it with a glass rod, plastic coffee stirrer, or wooden spoon.Remove the solids by filtering the solution through a coffee filter or filter paper. The pink liquid is what you want to save since it contains bismuth ions. Drop aluminum foil into the pink solution. A black solid will form, which is the bismuth. Allow time for the precipitate to sink to the bottom of the container.Filter the liquid through a cloth or paper towel to get the bismuth metal.The final step is to melt the metal. Bismuth has a low melting point, so you can melt it using a torch or in a higher-melting-point pan on a gas grill or even your stove. As the metal melts, youll see impurities pool apart. You can use a toothpick to remove them,Let your metal cool and admire your work. See the beautiful iridescent oxidation layer? You might even see crystals.  Good job! Safety and Cleanup This project requires adult supervision. Keep kids and pets away from the acid and heat.When youre done, dilute the chemicals with large volumes of water before disposing of them. If you want to make absolutely sure the acid is safe, you can add a bit of baking soda to the dilute acid to neutralize it. Pepto-Bismol Fun Facts Interesting adverse effects from ingesting Pepto-Bismol include black tongue and black stools. This occurs when sulfur in saliva and the intestines combines with the medicine to form the insoluble black salt, bismuth sulfide. Although dramatic-looking, the effect is temporary. Sources Gray, Theodore. Gray Matter: Extracting Bismuth from Pepto-Bismol Tablets, Popular Science. August 29, 2012.WesoÅ‚owski, M. (1982). Thermal decomposition of pharmaceutical preparations containing inorganic components.  Microchimica Acta  (Vienna)  77(5–6): 451–464.

Increasing use of Public Libraries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Increasing use of Public Libraries - Essay Example Because of this reason, the role of private libraries in providing information to the public has been limited under the increased power of private institutions and organizations that could provide to the public advanced facilities in terms of research. Through the years, the leaders of public libraries managed to improve the facilities and the resources available to the public, a fact that led to the decrease of distance between the public libraries and the libraries of private institutions. The recent financial crisis favored the increase in use of public libraries, a trend that has been reported in a series of surveys conducted across USA. The current performance of public libraries is presented in this paper; reference is made to the empirical studies developed in the particular field. It is proved that the increase in the use of public libraries is continuous and the prospects for future growth are significant. 2. Public Libraries use – trends and challenges In order to ev aluate the level of use of public libraries it would be necessary to refer to relevant data, as published by governmental and non-governmental organizations. Emphasis will be given on the trends of use of public libraries in USA; however, figures related to the use of public libraries in other countries, for example, Canada and UK, are also presented in this study aiming to verify the findings regarding the use of public libraries across USA. One of the most common sources for evaluating the level of use of public libraries is the Public Library Data Service survey, which is developed annually; the above survey shows the annual changes in the use of public libraries in USA. Also, through the findings of the specific survey the factors that support the use of public libraries are revealed. The most recent survey of such kind, in terms of the availability of its findings is the one developed in 2009 – where data from 852 libraries are presented. The survey is based on ‘da ta provided by public libraries in USA and Canada’ (Varvel 2010). The findings of such surveys (referring to the years from 2003 up to 2009) are presented and analyzed in the study of Varvel (2010) where emphasis is given on the following issues: a) the number of visits of libraries that serve a small population, i.e. under 5,000 people, has been increased at 2.7 times, while the libraries serving from 5,000 to 49,999 people has achieved an increase in the number of their visitors at a level of 1.75 times; libraries serving large populations had the lowest performance – in terms of the increase of the number of their visitors (Varvel 2010). This means that for the period 2003 up to 2009, the libraries serving small populations had the highest rate of performance – regarding the increase of the number of their visitors; b) libraries serving less than 5,000 people also managed to reach the highest level of in-library use of material; again, the libraries serving h igh population presented the lowest percentage of in-library use of material (Varvel 2010); c) in 2009, the percentage of public libraries using a website has been reduced reaching the 92.43% - compared to the 98.17% of 2008; it is expected that the decrease of the number of libraries using website will affect their performance since most people prefer to access the libraries online and retrieve the information required. On the other

Components of a nutritional assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Components of a nutritional assessment - Essay Example In biochemical analysis, blood, urine, stool, and hair are analyzed in a laboratory. In clinical analysis, an individuals medical history information is assessed and a physical examination conducted to determine nutritional needs. Dietary data is collected through asking an individual to recall what he or she has eaten for the past twenty-four hours, or otherwise the individual is asked to fill a food frequency questionnaire (Johnstone, 2006). Each stage of development has unique nutritional needs. According to Jarvis (2012), it is imperative to breastfeed a newborn exclusively for the first six months as breast milk contains sufficient nutrients necessary for normal growth and development for an infant. Adolescence is a period of rapid growth hence adolescents have high nutritional needs. Therefore, they need increased intake of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals to support their rapid development (Jarvis, 2012). During middle adulthood, growth and development ceases. At this stage nutrients are mainly used for maintenance and repair hence energy giving foods should be reduced, calcium levels increased as there is a decrease in bone mass, and iron needs remain high for women to compensate for losses during menstruation (Jarvis, 2012). For the elderly, calcium and vitamin D needs remain high for maintenance of bone health, energy giving foods decreased due to reduced activity, and salts and fatty intake shoul d be reduced (Jarvis, 2012). As mentioned earlier, females require more iron to compensate for losses during menstruation. Men have larger bodies in terms of height, weight, and muscle hence require more energy. Additionally, men are more active than female hence require more energy. Daily nutrient intake for adult females are 2000 k/cal while that of men is 2800 k/cal (Jarvis, 2012). Johnstone, C. (2006). Nurses role in nutritional assessment and screening-part one of a two- part series. Nursing Times, 102(49): 28.